Events and market factors in recent years have exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains, prompting companies to rethink their sourcing and manufacturing strategies and diversify their suppliers and manufacturing locations. In addition, ongoing trade tensions, shifts in U.S. tariff frameworks, and changes in industrial policies across jurisdictions are leading to a realignment of global trade flows.
Determining where to locate new distribution centers or factories, or how to optimize global footprint, is a complex and multidisciplinary process. Anticipating and responding to the tax and tariff impacts on existing business models and new scenarios are key to business strategy and decision-making.
How international tax reforms in the OBBBA could affect consumer businesses’ global footprint and supply chain
American competitiveness
Tax rates for foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) and global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) were designed to encourage U.S. companies to keep intangible assets within the United States. Together, they aimed to balance American competitiveness globally with the federal government’s need for revenue. The OBBBA maintains the concepts but modifies FDII and GILTI by:
- Modifying the calculations
- Renaming to foreign-derived deduction eligible income (FDDEI) and net CFC tested income (NCTI), respectively
- Slightly increasing the corresponding effective tax rates (ETRs) and changing the foreign tax credit limitation
FDII, now FDDEI: The FDII deduction regime was designed to encourage U.S. corporations to retain high-value functions, such as intellectual property ownership and sales operations within the U.S. by offering a reduced ETR on income earned from exporting goods and services to foreign markets.
GILTI, now NCTI: NCTI is the closest domestic tax regime to an income inclusion rule (IIR) under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Pillar Two framework. On June 28, 2025, the G7 recognized that the U.S. minimum tax architecture, namely the NCTI regime and the corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT), provides a functionally equivalent response to the OECD’s Pillar Two tax, sufficiently close in substance to avoid additional top-up taxes under OECD rules.
Profit shifting and base erosion
The base-erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT) is a minimum tax designed to prevent large multinational corporations from avoiding U.S. tax liability by shifting profits abroad. The OBBBA permanently lowered the scheduled BEAT rate from 12.5% to 10.5% and eliminated the unfavorable treatment of certain credits that could be applied against regular tax liabilities after Dec. 31, 2025.
Learn more about U.S. international tax reforms in the OBBBA.
Tariffs
Tariffs are separate from the OBBBA, but as they continue to be applied, they could have profound implications for U.S. importers specifically and the economy in general. Depending on the details, increased tariffs could increase companies’ sourcing costs, impact export revenues if trading partners retaliate, and compel companies to further reconfigure their supply chains.