Executive summary:
Expanded IRS letter ruling policy covers many common corporate transactions
As was suggested previously by IRS Associate Chief Counsel (Corporate) Mark Schneider, the IRS has announced that it is significantly increasing the category of corporate transactions on which the IRS will issue a private letter ruling (PLR). This is welcome news for corporate taxpayers and shareholders looking to obtain a high level of comfort on corporate transactions such as tax-free reorganizations, incorporations, liquidations and section 355 distributions (spin-offs). While subject to factual confirmations, the receipt of a PLR provides a taxpayer with a near-guarantee on the tax treatment of a transaction. A PLR can also simplify subsequent tax diligence and reduce the need to obtain or cost of obtaining tax insurance on the transaction. Receipt of a PLR does carry financial cost and take time to obtain, but with the proper planning it is the gold standard for corporate taxpayers.
Background
On Jan. 2, 2024, in Rev. Proc. 2024-1 and Rev. Proc. 2024-3, the IRS announced a significant expansion of its private letter ruling program. In the past, the IRS did not issue letter rulings on many run-of-the-mill corporate transactions. The IRS has now stated it will begin to issue rulings on these transactions.
This announcement follows a statement by Mark Schneider, IRS Associate Chief Counsel for the corporate division, who in October 2023 stated that he intended to “significantly broaden” the scope of letter rulings his office would issue so that the program would cover various corporate transactions—from “soup to nuts.”
What are Private Letter Rulings?
PLRs are written determinations by the IRS that apply the tax law to a taxpayer’s specific set of facts. Although they do not constitute formal tax precedent, they bind the IRS with regard to a specific transaction, as long as the taxpayer fully and accurately describes the proposed transaction and carries it out as described. Such a ruling can provide a high degree of certainty for a taxpayer, as the taxpayer can rely on the ruling to avoid adverse tax consequences that might otherwise arise from the transaction.
A PLR provides several benefits for corporate taxpayers and their shareholders. First, a PLR can provide certainty and confidence during the deal process and thereby reduce the risk of unexpected tax liabilities or penalties. Second, a PLR can simplify a subsequent tax diligence process or IRS examination of the company or of the transaction, as the IRS generally does not revisit an issue addressed in a PLR. Third, a PLR can reduce the need for or cost of obtaining tax insurance on a transaction, as the PLR can serve as evidence of the strength of the taxpayer’s position.
There are two general types of rulings; (i) “comfort rulings,” which are rulings related to an issue clearly addressed in the tax authorities and issued simply to provide certainty to a taxpayer regarding a particular transaction,1 and (ii) rulings on “significant issues,” which are rulings on tax technical questions that were not clearly established by law, regulations or guidance.2
The ruling process does involve some costs and challenges. First, the IRS charges a user fee for issuing a PLR, which can vary depending on the type and complexity of the transaction. Second, the ruling process can take many months. (Note, however, that in 2022 the IRS implemented a “fast-track” letter ruling program, under which the agency issues certain corporate PLRs within a shortened 12-week timeframe, as discussed in a previous alert, New fast-track program for corporate PLRs cuts process time in half.) And third, the IRS may decline to issue a PLR if the request involves an issue that is unclear, controversial or under study by the IRS.
What has changed about the PLR program?
The IRS traditionally limits the scope of issues and transactions on which it will issue a PLR—issues it will not rule on appear on a “no-rule list.” In prior years, the IRS has stated3 that it will not issue comfort rulings on whether a transaction qualifies under sections 332 (tax-free liquidations), 351 (tax-free incorporations and transfers to corporations), 1036 (certain tax-free recapitalizations) and section 368 (tax-free reorganizations) (other than D or G reorganizations intersecting with section 355). With regard to all these categories of corporate transactions, the IRS would generally only rule on “significant issues” (a term explained above). The IRS also would not rule on certain aspects of section 355 transactions, such as the business purpose or the device test, unless there was a legal issue involved.
These ruling limitations left many corporate taxpayers in a difficult position, as they were forced to rely on tax opinions or other forms of tax advice to support their transactions, and those forms of advice do not have the same binding effect on the IRS as a PLR. (An additional consequence of the IRS’s failure to rule on these matters is that it reduced the IRS’s insight and visibility into the intricacies of corporate transactions, as noted by Schneider.)
Rev. Proc. 2024-3 removes transactions under sections 332, 351, 368 and 1036 from the no-rule list, indicating that the IRS will now begin to issue comfort rulings on these corporate transactions. Further, the IRS’s approach to section 355 spin-off transactions will change; the IRS will now rule on the question of whether a spin-off transaction is used principally as a “device” and on issues under section 355(e). However, as in the past, the IRS will continue to generally not issue a ruling on whether a taxpayer’s business purpose is sufficient for section 355 purposes.
Aside from the changes related to corporate transactions discussed here, the Revenue Procedure mentions several other tax provisions that have been moved on or off the no-rule list. One notable change relates to section 1202—the IRS will not rule on whether a corporation meets the active business requirement of section 1202(e).
