On Oct. 3, 2016, the Treasury Department issued much-anticipated final regulations (T.D. 9786) addressing software developed primarily for a taxpayer’s internal use under the Sec. 41 credit for increasing research activities. The final regulations adopt many of the provisions included in the proposed regulations (REG-153656-03) issued in 2015 and are considered to be taxpayer-friendly. More importantly, the final regulations could provide significant opportunities for companies and industries that previously did not include expenditures for software developed primarily for their own internal use in the calculation of the Sec. 41 research tax credit due to confusing and sometimes controversial guidance.
Background
Since the incremental research credit under Sec. 41 was introduced with the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, P.L. 97-34, there has been much discussion and uncertainty regarding its application to software development. For example, in 1986, Congress amended the research credit statute to add a definition of qualified research activities but specifically excluded certain activities, including computer software developed by (or for the benefit of) the taxpayer primarily for internal use by the taxpayer, other than software developed for use in qualified research or a production process (Sec. 41(d)(4)(E)).
Several sets of proposed and final regulations were issued over the ensuing years to address internal-use software and to introduce various concepts, including the high-threshold-of-innovation test (see below); a definition of “innovation”; and a temporary imposition of a more stringent discovery test.
Taxpayers were finally afforded some clarity when proposed regulations were issued in January 2015 that provided a more narrow definition for internal-use software, introduced “dual function” software and established a safe-harbor alternative.
Qualified research activities: The four-part test
Qualified research activities are generally identified by satisfying all four requirements of the four-part test:
Permitted purpose: The activity relates to a new or improved function, performance, reliability or quality of a product, process, computer software, technique, formula or invention, which is to be held for sale, lease or license or used in the taxpayer’s trade or business (Secs. 41(d)(1)(B)(ii) and (d)(2)(B)).
Technological in nature: The activity performed must fundamentally rely on principles of physical science, biological science, computer science or engineering (Sec. 41(d)(1)(B)(i)).
Technical uncertainty: The activity must be intended to discover information to eliminate uncertainty concerning the capability or method for developing or improving a product or process or the appropriateness of the product design (Sec. 41(d)(1)(A)).
Process of experimentation: Substantially all of the activities must constitute elements of a process of experimentation involving (1) the identification of uncertainty concerning the development or improvement of a business component, (2) the identification of one or more alternatives intended to eliminate that uncertainty, and (3) the identification and the conduct of a process of evaluating the alternatives (through, for example, modeling, simulation or a systematic trial-and-error methodology) (Sec. 41(d)(1)(C); Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(a)(5)(i)).
Internal-use software for purposes of Sec. 41
To be considered a qualified research activity eligible for the research credit, the development of software created by (or for the benefit of) the taxpayer primarily for the taxpayer’s internal use must satisfy the three-prong, high-threshold-of-innovation test in addition to the standard four-part test. Whether software will be considered to be developed primarily for internal use depends on the intent of the taxpayer and the facts and circumstances at the beginning of software development.
The following types of internal-use software are not required to satisfy the high-threshold-of-innovation test: (1) software for use in an activity that constitutes qualified research; (2) software for use in a production process; or (3) software that is an integral part of a new or improved hardware and software package developed together by the taxpayer as a single product (or the costs to modify an acquired software and hardware package), of which the software is an integral part, used by the taxpayer in providing services in its trade or business (Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(ii)).
Software is developed by (or for the benefit of) the taxpayer primarily for internal use if the taxpayer develops the software for use in general and administrative functions that facilitate or support the conduct of the taxpayer’s trade or business. The final regulations limit general and administrative functions to (1) financial management functions, (2) human resource management functions, and (3) support service functions that support day-to-day operations such as data processing or facilities services (Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(iii)).
Non–internal-use software for purposes of Sec. 41
Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(iv) clarifies and expands the exceptions to the definition of internal-use software by providing that software is not developed primarily for internal use by the taxpayer if it is not developed for use in general and administrative functions that facilitate or support the conduct of a taxpayer’s trade or business. The final regulations provide two specific examples of software that is not internal-use software under this rule:
- Software developed to be sold, leased, licensed, or otherwise marketed to third parties
- Software developed to enable a taxpayer to interact with third parties or to allow third parties to initiate functions or review data on the taxpayer’s system
The development of such software may be eligible for the Sec. 41 research credit if the development activities satisfy the four-part test under Sec. 41(d).
High-threshold-of-innovation test
Software that does not meet the definition of software not for internal use under Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(iv) or does not fall under one of the exemptions listed in Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(ii) must meet the high-threshold-of-innovation test (Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(i)(C)). The high-threshold-of-innovation test is defined in Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(vii) and has three parts:
1. The software is intended to be innovative as measured by a reduction in cost, improvement in speed, or other measurable improvement that is substantial and economically significant if the development is or would have been successful
2. The software development has significant economic risk in that the taxpayer commits substantial resources to the development and there is substantial uncertainty because of technical risk as to whether the resources can be recovered within a reasonable time
3. The software is not commercially available, i.e., cannot be purchased, leased or licensed and used for the intended purpose without modifications that would satisfy the innovation and significant economic risk requirements
It is important to note that this regulation also provides that substantial uncertainty for purposes of the significant economic risk test requires a higher level of uncertainty and technical risk than required for business components that are not internal-use software.
Dual-function software
Similar to the proposed regulations, the final regulations retain the concept of dual-function software, i.e., software that was developed both for internal use and for interaction with third parties. The preamble to the regulations acknowledges that software developed for functions such as marketing or inventory management may also contain functions that enable a taxpayer to interact with third parties or to allow third parties to initiate functions or review data on the taxpayer’s system.
The regulations provide a presumption that dual-function software is internal-use software; however, that presumption may be overcome if a subset of elements can be identified that only enables the taxpayer to interact with third parties or allows third parties to initiate functions or review data on the taxpayer’s system (third party subset). This subset may be treated as non–internal-use software (Regs. Secs. 1.41-4(c)(6)(vi)(A) and (B)).
To the extent dual-function software or a subset of elements of dual-function software (dual-function subset) remains, a safe harbor allows the taxpayer to include 25 percent of the qualified research expenditures of the remaining dual-function software or dual-function subset in computing the research credit, as long as the third-party functions are anticipated to account for at least 10 percent of the software’s use (Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(c)(6)(vi)(C)).
What about ERP systems?
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have long been an area of IRS controversy with respect to the research credit. Regs. Sec. 1.41-4(a)(8) was amended to include additional examples, including Examples 9 and 10 relating to ERP systems. Under these examples, implementation of an ERP system that generally involves evaluating the taxpayer’s business needs and technical requirements to configure the system, re-engineering business processes and transferring data through routine programming and one-to-one mapping of data to be exchanged between systems is not considered qualified research under Sec. 41(d).
One of the shortcomings of the final regulations is that they do not provide additional examples with different fact patterns to clearly illustrate how portions of ERP system software development could qualify. The new exception for software developed to enable a taxpayer to interact with third parties or to allow third parties to initiate functions or review data on the taxpayer’s system may enable some ERP modules to be treated as non–internal-use software and, thus, qualify if the development meets the four-part test. Moreover, the new dual-use software rules apply to many of the areas of ERP system development that involve both back-office and customer-facing elements.
Industry impact of final regulations
With the final regulations narrowing the definition of internal-use software and expanding the definition of non–internal-use software, taxpayers in the banking, insurance, brokerage, financial technology and retail industries may now have additional opportunities to consider. For example, software development efforts on software as a service (SaaS) or websites that allow customers to order products or services, review account information or perform other functions may now qualify for the research credit without having to satisfy the more stringent high-threshold-of-innovation test, which previously limited research credit qualification for these types of customer-facing software projects.
Excerpted from the April 2017 issue of The Tax Adviser. Copyright © 2017 by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc.
